Tests for Glycolated Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c), or glycolated hemoglobin, is measured periodically to determine the average blood-sugar level over the life span of the red blood cell, which is about 8 to 10 weeks. Hb A1cshould be below 7%. High levels are markers for kidney trouble. These tests are taken about twice a year in patients who are maintaining blood sugar levels and more frequently in those who are having difficulties or who have changed medications.

Urine Tests. Urine tests are useful for detecting the presence of ketones, which should always be performed during illness or stressful situations, when diabetes is likely to go out of control. The patient should also undergo yearly urine tests for microalbuminuria (small amounts of protein in the urine), a risk factor for future kidney disease.

Eye Examinations. For those on intensive insulin therapy, experts recommend an eye examination when starting treatments and every three months thereafter up to a year.

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