Long-Term Complications of Diabetes

The major complications in diabetes are due to vascular (blood vessel) abnormalities and nerve damage (neuropathy). Injuries in large blood vessels endanger the heart, particularly in people with existing heart disease or high blood pressure, and can cause leg problems. Small blood vessel (microvascular) changes can harm the eyes and kidneys.

Cardiovascular Complications. Heart attacks account for 60% and strokes for 25% of deaths in all diabetics. Both type 1 and 2 diabetes accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis, a process whereby layers of yellowish plaque made up of cholesterol, fats, and other particles build up in the walls of arteries. As the arteries narrow, blood flow slows and the blood vessels may become blocked. This can lead to coronary artery disease, heart attack, or stroke. In type 1 diabetes, high blood pressure usually develops if the kidneys become damaged. High blood pressure is another major cause of heart attack, stroke, and heart failure.

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